Abstract:
Development in the fish processing industry has led a large amount of waste every year around the world. Fish waste including, fish head, scales, bones and guts. Certain fish bones have an attractive added value which contain hydroxyapatite (HAp), (Ca1o(PO»)«(OH)») that can potentially be used as UV absorbance (unmodified HAp). Thus, with the additional of manganese and ferum, new hybrid sunscreen materials have been initiated i.e modified HAp-Fe and modified HAp-Mn. Therefore, Sardinella fimbriata bone have been discovered and synthesized to be utilized as sunscreen in cosmeceuticals. This work was divided into five stages. The first was the preparation of pure HAp by extracting the fish bone waste and calcinations process. The percentage yields obtained from the extraction consist of 41.2 4 0.66 % (w/w) which was almost half of the dry weight of 100 g samples. The second part of the work were discussed on the preparation of sunscreen emulsion via microhedral emulsion stabilized by the nonionic surfactants and olive oil as co-surfactant. The rheology of the microhcdral samples was governed by oil droplets size and oil volume fraction. Flow curves and the viscosity-shear rate profile showed that the samples displayed shear thinning behaviour. The third part of this study basically an extended study of previous topic including the preparation, development and the morphological studies of porous calcium phosphates or HAp in microhedral emulsion.
