Abstract:
There is a great potential for significant improvement to be made in energy efficiency and
all-electric drive performance of the different types of existing powertrain architectures,
such as: 1) traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) powered vehicles; 2) electric
vehicles (EVs); 3) hybrid EVs (HEVs), which consist of three types according to the power flow: 1) series; 2) parallel; and 3) series-parallel; and 4) plug-in HEVs (PHEVs) through
implementing innovative technologies.
